Forecasting with Exponential Smoothing

This page documents the exponential smoothing methods and functions provided by the package, including detailed explanations, docstrings, and usage examples.

Method Functions

Simple Exponential Smoothing

Simple exponential smoothing model. Fields:

• alpha::Float64: Smoothing constant.

Example:

model = MCHammer.SimpleES(0.2)

SimpleES(0.2)

Double Exponential Smoothing

Double exponential smoothing model with trend. Fields:

• alpha::Float64: Level smoothing constant.
• beta::Float64: Trend smoothing factor.

Example:

model = DoubleES(0.3, 0.1)

DoubleES(0.3, 0.1)

Triple Exponential Smoothing

Triple exponential smoothing model (Holt–Winters method) with trend and seasonality.

Fields:

• season_length::Int: Number of periods in a season (e.g., 12 for monthly).
• alpha::Float64: Level smoothing constant.
• beta::Float64: Trend smoothing factor.
• gamma::Float64: Seasonal smoothing factor.

Example:

model = TripleES(12, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1)

TripleES(12, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1)

Smoothing Functions

Perform smoothing on historical data.

es_smooth(m::SimpleES, HistoricalSeries::Vector{<:Real}; forecast_only::Bool=false)

es_smooth(m::DoubleES, HistoricalSeries::Vector{<:Real})

Smoothing SimpleES:

data = [100, 102, 104, 108, 110]
simple_model = SimpleES(0.2)
smoothed_simple = es_smooth(simple_model, data; forecast_only=true)

Smoothing DoubleES:

# DoubleES example
double_model = DoubleES(0.2, 0.1)
smoothed_double = es_smooth(double_model, data)

Forecasting out

Generate forecasts based on smoothing models.

es_forecast(m::DoubleES, HistoricalSeries::Vector{<:Real}, periods::Int)

es_forecast(m::TripleES, HistoricalSeries::Vector{<:Real}, periods_out::Int; forecast_only::Bool=false)

Forecasting DoubleES:

data = [100, 102, 104, 108, 110]

# DoubleES forecast
double_model = DoubleES(0.2, 0.1)
df_forecast = es_forecast(double_model, data, 3)

<br> Let's visualize this as a line plot comparing historical data and the forecast <br>

using Plots

# Create an index vector corresponding to the rows.
x_all = 1:nrow(df_forecast)

# Identify the indices where Historical is nonzero.
nonzero_idx = findall(x -> x != 0, df_forecast.Historical)

# Plot forecast over all rows.
plot(x_all, df_forecast.Forecast, label="Forecast", xlabel="Time", ylabel="Value", lw=2)

# Plot Historical and Level only on nonzero indices.
plot!(nonzero_idx, df_forecast.Historical[nonzero_idx], label="Historical", marker=:circle, lw=2)
plot!(nonzero_idx, df_forecast.Level[nonzero_idx], label="Level", marker=:square, lw=2)

Forecasting TripleES:

# TripleES forecast

seasonal_data = [120,130,140,130,125,135,145,150,160,155,165,170]
triple_model = MCHammer.TripleES(12, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1)
df_forecast = es_forecast(triple_model, seasonal_data, 6; forecast_only=false)

using Plots
theme(:ggplot2)

# Create an index vector corresponding to the rows.
x_all = 1:nrow(df_forecast)

# Identify the indices where Historical is nonzero.
nonzero_idx = findall(x -> x != 0, df_forecast.Historical)

# Plot forecast over all rows.
plot(x_all, df_forecast.Forecast, label="Forecast", xlabel="Time", ylabel="Value", lw=2)

# Plot Historical and Level only on nonzero indices.
plot!(nonzero_idx, df_forecast.Historical[nonzero_idx], label="Historical", marker=:circle, lw=2)

Forecast Standard Error

Calculate standard error between historical and forecasted data.

FrctStdError(HistoricalSeries::Vector{<:Real}, ForecastSeries::Vector{<:Real})

Example:

data = [100, 102, 104, 108, 110]
double_model = DoubleES(0.3, 0.2)

# Generate in-sample forecast; since periods = 0, the forecast equals the smoothed level

df_forecast = es_forecast(double_model, data, 0)
forecasted = df_forecast.Forecast  # Access the forecast column from the returned DataFrame
se = FrctStdError(data, forecasted)
println("Forecast Standard Error: ", se)

Forecast Standard Error: 4.951604689391114

Fitting historical data

Automatically optimize parameters for TripleES.

es_fit(::Type{TripleES}, HistoricalSeries::Vector{<:Real}, season_length::Int, trials::Int)

data = [120,130,140,130,125,135,145,150,160,155,165,170]
best_model = es_fit(TripleES, data, 12, 1000)

TripleES(12, 0.03592609905071564, 0.22023858456162726, 0.8885711298535152)

Simulating forecasts (Monte-Carlo)

Simulate forecast uncertainty using historical returns.

forecast_uncertainty(HistoricalData::Vector{<:Real}, PeriodsToForecast::Int) -> Vector{Float64}

Practical Example:

#The historical data is used to assess the volatility of the series automatically.
data = [100, 105, 102, 108, 110]

uncertainty = forecast_uncertainty(data, 4)

4-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.011876340185373
 1.012254908712964
 0.9587948500115532
 1.0354953933329445

Now let's assume we want to run 1000 Monte-Carlo Trials, this is the approach we would take.

function simulate_ESTS()

#Simulation Model Inputs and Parameters
n_trials = 1000
n_periods = 5
historical_data = [100, 105, 102, 108, 110, 115, 120, 118, 122, 125, 130, 128]
seasonality = 12

    # 1. Fit optimal TripleES parameters using 1,000 optimization trials. Seasonality is the number of periods to test for seasonal patterns.
    optimal_triple = es_fit(TripleES, historical_data, seasonality, 1000)

    # 2. Generate the base forecast (for n_periods = 5) with the fitted model
    base_forecast = es_forecast(optimal_triple, historical_data, n_periods; forecast_only=true)

    # 3. Run simulation: for 1,000 trials, apply forecast uncertainty to the base forecast


    # Prepare a DataFrame to store simulation results in long format.
    # Columns: Trial (simulation number), Period (forecast period), Forecast (simulated forecast value)
    sim_results = DataFrame(Trial=Int[], Period=Int[], Forecast=Float64[])

        for trial in 1:n_trials
        # Compute forecast uncertainty multipliers for the next n_periods
        uncertainty = forecast_uncertainty(historical_data, n_periods)

        # Apply the uncertainty multipliers to the base forecast to simulate forecast variability.
        # This returns a DataFrame with columns "Historical", "Level", and "Forecast".
        simulated_forecast = base_forecast .* uncertainty

        # Now iterate over the rows using eachrow() and enumerate to get an index.
            for (i, row) in enumerate(eachrow(simulated_forecast))
                push!(sim_results, (Trial = trial, Period = i, Forecast = row.Forecast))
            end

        end


        return sim_results = unstack(sim_results, :Period, :Forecast)

end

#Genreate simulation trials
sim_results_to_chart = simulate_ESTS()

#Here are the first 10 trials
first(sim_results_to_chart,10)

When plotted, we can see the uncertainty is applied using historical volatility. Remember to remove the trials column for better charting.

trend_chrt(sim_results_to_chart[:,2:6])

Sources & References

• Eric Torkia, Decision Superhero Vol. 3, chapter 5 : Predicting 1000 futures, Technics Publishing, 2025
• Available on Amazon : https://a.co/d/4YlJFzY . Volumes 2 and 3 to be released in Spring and Fall 2025.